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Software Development
Technical terms for programming and software engineering
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Industry terminology, legal language, and formal vocabulary
Technical terms for programming and software engineering
22 wordsTerminology used in law and legal practice
22 wordsClinical and healthcare terminology
22 wordsFinancial and business terminology
22 wordsTerminology for academic and research environments
22 wordsMarketing, advertising, and sales terminology
22 wordsArtificial intelligence and machine learning terminology
22 wordsTerms related to generative AI and large language models
22 wordsData science and analytics terminology
22 wordsCommon legal vocabulary for educated discourse
22 wordsElevated words for formal writing and professional contexts
22 wordsScholarly vocabulary for intellectual discourse
22 wordsComplete vocabulary list for easy reference and copy-paste.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| refactor | Restructure existing code without changing its external behavior |
| deprecated | Marked as obsolete and scheduled for removal |
| scalable | Able to handle increased load or growth efficiently |
| idempotent | Producing the same result regardless of how many times it's executed |
| abstraction | Hiding complex implementation details behind a simpler interface |
| boilerplate | Standardized code that must be included with little modification |
| technical debt | Implied cost of future rework caused by choosing quick solutions |
| regression | A bug that causes a feature that worked before to stop working |
| latency | The delay before a transfer of data begins |
| throughput | The amount of data processed in a given time period |
| asynchronous | Not occurring at the same time; non-blocking operations |
| middleware | Software that acts as a bridge between different applications |
| monolithic | A single-tiered software application with all components unified |
| immutable | Unable to be changed after creation |
| polymorphism | The ability of objects to take many forms |
| encapsulation | Bundling data with methods that operate on that data |
| singleton | A design pattern restricting instantiation to one object |
| dependency injection | Supplying dependencies to an object rather than creating them internally |
| continuous integration | Frequently merging code changes into a shared repository |
| deployment | The process of releasing software to a production environment |
| concurrency | The ability of different parts or units of a program to be executed out-of-order |
| devops | A set of practices that combines software development and IT operations |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| precedent | A legal decision that serves as an authoritative rule in future cases |
| jurisdiction | The official power to make legal decisions |
| litigation | The process of taking legal action |
| deposition | Testimony taken under oath outside of court |
| affidavit | A written statement confirmed by oath for use as evidence |
| subpoena | A legal document ordering someone to attend court |
| habeas corpus | A court order requiring a person to be brought before a judge |
| pro bono | Legal work done without charge for public good |
| tort | A civil wrong that causes harm or loss |
| plaintiff | The party who initiates a lawsuit |
| defendant | The party against whom a lawsuit is brought |
| injunction | A court order requiring a party to do or refrain from doing something |
| fiduciary | A person legally obligated to act in another's best interest |
| arbitration | Resolution of a dispute by an impartial third party |
| indemnity | Security against legal liability for one's actions |
| estoppel | A legal principle preventing someone from arguing something contrary to a previous claim |
| malfeasance | Wrongdoing or misconduct, especially by a public official |
| prima facie | Based on first impression; accepted as correct until proven otherwise |
| quid pro quo | Something given in exchange for something else |
| statute of limitations | The time limit for initiating legal proceedings |
| recusal | The act of a judge disqualifying themselves from a case due to conflict of interest |
| amicus curiae | An impartial adviser to a court of law in a particular case |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| diagnosis | Identification of a disease or condition from symptoms |
| prognosis | The likely course or outcome of a disease |
| etiology | The cause or origin of a disease |
| pathology | The study of the causes and effects of diseases |
| chronic | Persisting for a long time or constantly recurring |
| acute | Severe and sudden in onset |
| benign | Not harmful; not malignant |
| malignant | Cancerous and likely to spread |
| contraindication | A condition that makes a treatment inadvisable |
| palliative | Relieving symptoms without curing the underlying condition |
| remission | Temporary or permanent decrease in disease symptoms |
| prophylactic | Intended to prevent disease |
| idiopathic | Of unknown cause |
| iatrogenic | Caused by medical treatment or examination |
| comorbidity | The presence of additional diseases alongside a primary condition |
| triage | Assigning degrees of urgency to decide treatment order |
| asymptomatic | Showing no symptoms of disease |
| empirical | Based on observation rather than theory |
| bilateral | Affecting both sides of the body |
| differential diagnosis | Distinguishing between diseases with similar symptoms |
| biopsy | An examination of tissue removed from a living body |
| metastasis | The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| liquidity | The ease of converting assets to cash |
| leverage | Using borrowed capital to increase potential returns |
| amortization | Spreading payments over multiple periods |
| depreciation | Decrease in asset value over time |
| equity | Ownership interest in a company; assets minus liabilities |
| dividend | A portion of profits distributed to shareholders |
| volatility | The degree of variation in trading prices |
| arbitrage | Profiting from price differences in different markets |
| hedge | An investment to reduce risk of adverse price movements |
| portfolio | A collection of investments held by an individual or institution |
| acquisition | The purchase of one company by another |
| due diligence | Comprehensive appraisal before a business transaction |
| fiduciary duty | Legal obligation to act in another's best financial interest |
| insolvency | Inability to pay debts when they become due |
| collateral | Assets pledged as security for a loan |
| capital expenditure | Funds used to acquire or upgrade physical assets |
| overhead | Ongoing business expenses not directly tied to production |
| revenue | Income generated from normal business operations |
| margin | The difference between cost and selling price |
| valuation | The process of determining a company's worth |
| audit | An official inspection of an individual's or organization's accounts |
| fiscal | Relating to government revenue, especially taxes |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hypothesis | A proposed explanation to be tested through research |
| methodology | The system of methods used in a study |
| peer review | Evaluation of work by experts in the same field |
| citation | A reference to a source of information |
| thesis | A statement to be proved; a lengthy research paper |
| dissertation | An extended written treatment of a subject for a degree |
| symposium | A conference for discussion of a particular subject |
| tenure | Permanent employment status at an academic institution |
| sabbatical | A period of leave for study or travel |
| curriculum | The subjects comprising a course of study |
| pedagogy | The method and practice of teaching |
| syllabus | An outline of topics covered in a course |
| empirical | Based on observation or experiment rather than theory |
| qualitative | Relating to quality or characteristics rather than quantity |
| quantitative | Relating to measurement and numerical data |
| longitudinal | Studying the same subjects over an extended period |
| interdisciplinary | Involving two or more academic disciplines |
| abstract | A summary of a research paper or article |
| bibliography | A list of sources used or consulted |
| plagiarism | Presenting another's work as one's own |
| emeritus | Having retired but allowed to retain their title as an honor |
| colloquium | An academic conference or seminar |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| conversion | When a prospect takes a desired action |
| engagement | The level of interaction with content or brand |
| segmentation | Dividing a market into distinct groups |
| positioning | How a brand is perceived relative to competitors |
| demographics | Statistical characteristics of a population |
| psychographics | Psychological attributes of consumers |
| funnel | The stages a customer goes through before purchasing |
| retention | Keeping existing customers engaged |
| churn | The rate at which customers stop using a service |
| acquisition | Gaining new customers |
| impressions | The number of times content is displayed |
| reach | The number of unique people who see content |
| ROI | Return on investment; profit relative to cost |
| KPI | Key performance indicator; a measurable value |
| brand equity | The value premium a brand commands |
| value proposition | The benefit a product promises to deliver |
| go-to-market | Strategy for launching a product |
| lead generation | Attracting and converting potential customers |
| attribution | Identifying which touchpoints led to conversion |
| A/B testing | Comparing two versions to determine which performs better |
| branding | The action of marking with a branding iron |
| influencer | A person with the ability to influence potential buyers |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| neural network | A computing system inspired by biological neural networks |
| deep learning | Machine learning using neural networks with many layers |
| supervised learning | Training a model on labeled data with known outputs |
| unsupervised learning | Finding patterns in data without labeled examples |
| reinforcement learning | Learning through trial and error with rewards and penalties |
| transformer | A neural network architecture using self-attention mechanisms |
| embedding | A dense vector representation of data in continuous space |
| fine-tuning | Adapting a pre-trained model for a specific task |
| inference | Using a trained model to make predictions on new data |
| hallucination | When an AI generates false or fabricated information |
| prompt engineering | Crafting inputs to elicit desired outputs from AI models |
| tokenization | Breaking text into smaller units for processing |
| attention mechanism | A technique allowing models to focus on relevant parts of input |
| gradient descent | An optimization algorithm that minimizes error iteratively |
| overfitting | When a model learns noise instead of the underlying pattern |
| underfitting | When a model is too simple to capture the underlying pattern |
| hyperparameter | A parameter set before training begins, not learned from data |
| epoch | One complete pass through the entire training dataset |
| batch size | The number of samples processed before updating the model |
| loss function | A measure of how wrong the model's predictions are |
| bias | Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group |
| algorithm | A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| large language model | An AI trained on vast text data to understand and generate language |
| foundation model | A large model trained on broad data that can be adapted to many tasks |
| context window | The amount of text a model can consider at once |
| temperature | A parameter controlling randomness in AI outputs |
| top-k sampling | Limiting word choices to the k most likely options |
| chain of thought | Prompting technique that encourages step-by-step reasoning |
| retrieval augmented generation | Combining search results with generative AI for grounded responses |
| multimodal | AI capable of processing multiple types of input like text and images |
| zero-shot learning | Performing tasks without any task-specific training examples |
| few-shot learning | Learning from just a handful of examples |
| in-context learning | Learning patterns from examples provided in the prompt |
| alignment | Ensuring AI behavior matches human values and intentions |
| RLHF | Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback for training AI |
| guardrails | Constraints preventing AI from producing harmful outputs |
| agent | An AI system that can take actions autonomously to achieve goals |
| tool use | AI capability to invoke external functions or APIs |
| agentic workflow | Multi-step AI processes that iterate and self-correct |
| synthetic data | Artificially generated data used for training AI models |
| distillation | Training a smaller model to mimic a larger one |
| quantization | Reducing model precision to decrease size and increase speed |
| latent space | A representation of compressed data |
| modality | A particular mode in which something exists or is experienced or expressed |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| feature engineering | Creating new input variables from raw data |
| dimensionality reduction | Reducing the number of variables while preserving information |
| cross-validation | Evaluating models by training on subsets and testing on the rest |
| precision | The proportion of positive predictions that are correct |
| recall | The proportion of actual positives correctly identified |
| F1 score | The harmonic mean of precision and recall |
| ROC curve | A graph showing classifier performance at various thresholds |
| AUC | Area Under the Curve, measuring overall model performance |
| confusion matrix | A table showing prediction results versus actual values |
| bias-variance tradeoff | The balance between underfitting and overfitting |
| regularization | Techniques to prevent overfitting by penalizing complexity |
| normalization | Scaling data to a standard range |
| imputation | Filling in missing data values |
| outlier detection | Identifying data points that differ significantly from others |
| clustering | Grouping similar data points together |
| classification | Predicting which category a data point belongs to |
| regression | Predicting a continuous numerical value |
| time series | Data points indexed in time order |
| anomaly detection | Identifying unusual patterns that don't conform to expected behavior |
| ETL | Extract, Transform, Load - the data pipeline process |
| pipeline | A sequence of processes |
| visualization | The representation of an object, situation, or set of information as a chart or other image |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adjudicate | to make a formal judgment or decision about |
| arbitrate | to reach an authoritative judgment or settlement |
| litigate | to take a claim or dispute to a court of law |
| prosecute | to institute legal proceedings against |
| exonerate | to absolve someone from blame or a criminal charge |
| indict | to formally accuse of or charge with a crime |
| acquit | to free someone from a criminal charge |
| convict | to declare guilty of a criminal offense |
| culpable | deserving blame; guilty |
| liable | responsible by law; legally answerable |
| negligent | failing to take proper care in doing something |
| statute | a written law passed by a legislative body |
| precedent | an earlier event or action regarded as a guide |
| jurisprudence | the theory or philosophy of law |
| plaintiff | a person who brings a case against another in court |
| defendant | a person accused or sued in a court of law |
| testimony | a formal written or spoken statement |
| deposition | a formal statement taken outside of court |
| affidavit | a written statement confirmed by oath |
| injunction | an authoritative order issued by a court |
| subpoena | a writ ordering a person to attend a court |
| litigious | unreasonably prone to go to law to settle disputes |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| promulgate | to make widely known; to put into effect officially |
| abrogate | to repeal or do away with |
| stipulate | to demand or specify as part of an agreement |
| delineate | to describe or portray precisely |
| enumerate | to mention one by one; to count |
| expedite | to make an action happen sooner or faster |
| facilitate | to make an action or process easier |
| implement | to put into effect; to carry out |
| inaugurate | to begin or introduce a system or policy |
| initiate | to cause something to begin |
| procure | to obtain something, especially with effort |
| ascertain | to find out for certain; to make sure of |
| substantiate | to provide evidence to support a claim |
| corroborate | to confirm or support with evidence |
| pursuant | in accordance with; following |
| herein | in this document or statement |
| forthwith | immediately; without delay |
| hereafter | from this time on; in a future document |
| aforesaid | mentioned earlier in a document |
| notwithstanding | in spite of; without being affected by |
| aforementioned | denoting a thing or person previously mentioned |
| hereto | to this matter or document |
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| posit | to put forward as fact or as a basis for argument |
| postulate | to suggest or assume as a basis for reasoning |
| hypothesize | to put forward as a hypothesis |
| extrapolate | to extend application of facts to an unknown situation |
| interpolate | to insert something between fixed points |
| explicate | to analyze and develop an idea in detail |
| expound | to present and explain a theory systematically |
| elucidate | to make something clear; explain |
| illuminate | to help clarify or explain |
| underscore | to emphasize the importance of |
| predicate | to found or base on something |
| presuppose | to require as a precondition |
| obviate | to remove a need or difficulty |
| preclude | to prevent from happening; make impossible |
| supersede | to take the place of something previously in use |
| antecedent | a thing that existed or came before another |
| coalesce | to come together to form one mass or whole |
| conflate | to combine two or more things into one |
| bifurcate | to divide into two branches or parts |
| dichotomize | to divide into two opposing groups or kinds |
| theoretical | concerned with or involving the theory of a subject |
| methodology | a system of methods used in a particular area of study |