Logic & Reasoning

Term	Definition	Example
precipitate	to cause something to happen suddenly or prematurely	"The assassination precipitated a world war."
engender	to cause or give rise to a feeling or situation	"The policy engendered widespread resentment."
instigate	to bring about or initiate an action or event	"He was accused of instigating the riot."
catalyze	to cause or accelerate a reaction or change	"The invention of the printing press catalyzed the spread of knowledge."
provoke	to stimulate or give rise to a reaction or emotion	"Her comments provoked outrage among supporters."
induce	to succeed in persuading or leading to a course of action	"What induced you to make such a risky investment?"
spawn	to generate or produce, especially in large numbers	"The controversy spawned dozens of conspiracy theories."
beget	to give rise to; bring about	"Violence begets violence in an endless cycle."
foment	to instigate or stir up unrest or rebellion	"Agitators were accused of fomenting discord."
incite	to encourage or stir up violent or unlawful behavior	"The speech was designed to incite hatred."
kindle	to arouse or inspire an emotion or feeling	"The teacher kindled a love of learning in her students."
germinate	to begin to grow or develop	"The idea germinated during a late-night conversation."

📊Effect & Outcome10

Term	Definition	Example
ramification	a consequence of an action, especially when complex	"The ramifications of this decision will be felt for decades."
repercussion	an unintended consequence of an action	"The scandal had serious repercussions for his career."
corollary	a proposition that follows from one already proven	"A corollary of economic growth is often increased inequality."
upshot	the final or eventual outcome	"The upshot of the meeting was that nothing changed."
aftermath	the consequences or aftereffects of an event	"In the aftermath of the storm, communities came together."
sequela	a condition resulting from a disease or injury	"Depression can be a sequela of chronic illness."
fallout	adverse results or effects of a situation	"The political fallout from the scandal was severe."
residue	something remaining after the main part is removed	"Bitterness was the residue of their failed relationship."
vestige	a trace of something that no longer exists	"Only vestiges of the ancient civilization remain."
derivative	something that develops from a source	"Many modern words are derivatives of Latin roots."

🔗Causal Relationships10

Term	Definition	Example
antecedent	a thing that comes before and may cause another	"Poverty is often an antecedent to crime."
consequent	following as a result or effect	"The flood and consequent destruction displaced thousands."
contingent	dependent on something else that is uncertain	"The deal is contingent upon regulatory approval."
predicate	to found or base something on	"The theory is predicated on the assumption of rational actors."
attributable	able to be regarded as caused by	"The error was attributable to human negligence."
conducive	making a certain situation or outcome likely	"A quiet environment is conducive to concentration."
instrumental	serving as a means of pursuing an aim	"She was instrumental in securing the funding."
determinant	a factor that decisively affects the outcome	"Education is a key determinant of economic success."
nexus	a connection or series of connections linking things	"The nexus between poverty and crime is well documented."
correlate	to have a mutual relationship or connection	"Income levels correlate strongly with life expectancy."

⚡Inevitability & Necessity10

Term	Definition	Example
inexorable	impossible to stop or prevent	"The inexorable march of time waits for no one."
ineluctable	unable to be resisted or avoided; inescapable	"Death is the ineluctable fate of all living things."
inevitable	certain to happen; unavoidable	"Change is inevitable; growth is optional."
inescapable	unable to be avoided or denied	"The inescapable conclusion is that we must act now."
imperative	of vital importance; crucial	"It is imperative that we address climate change immediately."
prerequisite	something required as a prior condition	"Trust is a prerequisite for any healthy relationship."
indispensable	absolutely necessary; essential	"Clean water is indispensable for human survival."
entail	to involve something as a necessary consequence	"This decision entails significant risk."
necessitate	to make something necessary as a result	"The crisis necessitated immediate action."
compel	to force or oblige someone to do something	"Circumstances compelled her to accept the offer."

🤝Agreement & Acceptance22

Term	Definition	Example
acquiesce	to accept something reluctantly without protest	"She acquiesced to their demands to avoid conflict."
concur	to be of the same opinion; agree	"The committee members concurred with the recommendation."
assent	to express approval or agreement	"The board gave its assent to the proposal."
accede	to agree to a demand or request	"The company acceded to the union's terms."
capitulate	to cease to resist; surrender	"After weeks of negotiation, they finally capitulated."
relent	to abandon a harsh intention or cruel treatment	"She eventually relented and let them go."
yield	to give way to pressure or demands	"The government refused to yield to terrorist demands."
defer	to submit humbly to another's wishes	"He deferred to her expertise on the matter."
comply	to act in accordance with a wish or command	"All employees must comply with safety regulations."
conform	to act in accordance with standards or customs	"The design conforms to international safety standards."
endorse	to declare one's public approval of	"Several celebrities endorsed the charity campaign."
sanction	to give official permission or approval for	"The committee sanctioned the use of the funds."
ratify	to sign or give formal consent to make valid	"The treaty was ratified by all member states."
validate	to check or prove the accuracy of	"The results validate our hypothesis."
corroborate	to confirm or give support to a statement	"Witnesses corroborated her account of events."
substantiate	to provide evidence to support a claim	"He failed to substantiate his allegations."
affirm	to state as a fact; assert strongly	"The court affirmed the lower court's ruling."
uphold	to confirm or support something	"The Supreme Court upheld the decision."
espouse	to adopt or support a cause or belief	"She espoused the principles of equality."
champion	to support or defend enthusiastically	"He championed the rights of the marginalized."
consensus	general agreement	"The committee reached a consensus after hours of debate."
unanimity	agreement by all people involved	"There was unanimity in the decision to proceed."

⚔️Opposition & Resistance22

Term	Definition	Example
dissent	to hold or express opinions that differ from the majority	"Several justices dissented from the ruling."
demur	to raise doubts or objections; show reluctance	"She demurred when asked to take on more work."
balk	to hesitate or refuse to accept an idea	"Investors balked at the high price."
rebuff	to reject ungraciously; snub	"His offer of help was rebuffed coldly."
repudiate	to refuse to accept or be associated with	"The candidate repudiated the controversial remarks."
denounce	to publicly declare to be wrong or evil	"World leaders denounced the attack."
decry	to publicly denounce; criticize openly	"Critics decried the decision as unjust."
condemn	to express complete disapproval of	"The organization condemned the use of violence."
impugn	to dispute the truth or validity of	"They attempted to impugn his credibility."
refute	to prove a statement or theory wrong	"She refuted every point of his argument."
rebut	to claim or prove something false	"The defendant rebutted the prosecution's claims."
contradict	to deny the truth of a statement	"The evidence contradicted his testimony."
gainsay	to deny or contradict a fact or statement	"No one could gainsay the obvious truth."
contest	to oppose or challenge	"She contested the will in court."
dispute	to argue about; question the validity of	"Historians dispute the accuracy of the account."
contravene	to conflict with; go against	"The action contravenes international law."
defy	to openly resist or refuse to obey	"She defied convention by pursuing her dreams."
flout	to openly disregard a rule or convention	"He flouted the dress code repeatedly."
thwart	to prevent someone from accomplishing something	"Bad weather thwarted their plans."
undermine	to erode the base or foundation of	"The scandal undermined public trust in the institution."
dissidence	protest against official policy	"The government crushed all signs of political dissidence."
recalcitrant	having an obstinately uncooperative attitude	"The recalcitrant employee refused to follow the new rules."

🌉Sophisticated Transitions22

Term	Definition	Example
moreover	as a further matter; besides	"The plan is expensive. Moreover, it's unlikely to succeed."
furthermore	in addition; besides	"The evidence is compelling. Furthermore, it's irrefutable."
nevertheless	in spite of that; notwithstanding	"The task was difficult. Nevertheless, she persevered."
nonetheless	in spite of what has just been said	"The odds were against him. Nonetheless, he succeeded."
notwithstanding	in spite of; although	"Notwithstanding the risks, they proceeded with the plan."
hitherto	until now or until the point in question	"The hitherto unknown artist gained sudden fame."
heretofore	before now; previously	"The company faced challenges heretofore unseen."
henceforth	from this time on; from now on	"Henceforth, all meetings will be recorded."
thereby	by that means; as a result of that	"He resigned, thereby ending the controversy."
whereby	by which; through which	"They created a system whereby complaints could be tracked."
wherein	in which; in what way	"This is the situation wherein we find ourselves."
whereupon	immediately after which	"She made the announcement, whereupon chaos ensued."
insofar	to the extent that	"Insofar as the law permits, we will proceed."
inasmuch	considering that; since	"Inasmuch as you have apologized, I will forgive you."
conversely	in an opposite way; on the other hand	"The rich got richer. Conversely, the poor got poorer."
alternatively	as another option or possibility	"We could wait. Alternatively, we could proceed now."
correspondingly	in a way that matches or relates to something	"Demand increased, and prices rose correspondingly."
consequently	as a result; therefore	"He failed to prepare, and consequently, he failed."
accordingly	in a way that is appropriate; consequently	"The situation changed, and we adjusted accordingly."
subsequently	after a particular thing has happened	"He was arrested and subsequently released on bail."
thus	as a result or consequence of this; therefore	"He is the eldest son and thus heir to the estate."
hence	as a consequence; for this reason	"The roads were covered in ice; hence it was not safe to drive."

🌗Contrast & Comparison22

Term	Definition	Example
juxtapose	to place side by side for comparison or contrast	"The exhibit juxtaposes ancient and modern art."
analogous	comparable in certain respects	"The situation is analogous to what happened in 2008."
tantamount	equivalent in seriousness to; virtually the same as	"His silence was tantamount to an admission of guilt."
commensurate	corresponding in size or degree; proportionate	"The salary should be commensurate with experience."
concomitant	naturally accompanying or associated	"Fame brought concomitant pressures on his privacy."
corollary	a proposition that follows from one already proved	"Economic growth has poverty reduction as a corollary."
correlate	to have a mutual relationship or connection	"Education levels correlate with income."
antithetical	directly opposed or contrasted	"His actions were antithetical to his stated values."
diametrically	completely; in direct opposition	"Their views are diametrically opposed."
disparate	essentially different in kind; not able to be compared	"The study combined disparate data sources."
incongruous	not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings	"His formal attire seemed incongruous at the beach."
paradoxically	in a way that seems contradictory but may be true	"Paradoxically, the cure made him feel worse initially."
ostensibly	apparently or purportedly, but perhaps not actually	"The meeting was ostensibly about budget, but really about personnel."
purportedly	as appears or is stated to be true	"The document was purportedly written by Shakespeare."
presumably	used to convey that something is very likely	"Presumably, they will announce the results tomorrow."
arguably	it may be argued; possibly	"This is arguably the best decision they've made."
admittedly	used to introduce a concession or acknowledgment	"Admittedly, there were some mistakes made."
granted	used to acknowledge a point before making a counter-argument	"Granted, he's talented, but he lacks discipline."
albeit	although; even though	"He accepted the job, albeit with some reluctance."
notwithstanding	in spite of; nevertheless	"Notwithstanding these concerns, the project continued."
similarly	in a similar way	"The first round was easy; similarly, the second provided no challenge."
likewise	in the same way; also	"She is a talented musician; likewise, her brother is an artist."

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All 130 Words in Logic & Reasoning

Complete vocabulary list for easy reference and copy-paste.

🎯Cause & Origin12

Term	Definition	Example
precipitate	to cause something to happen suddenly or prematurely	"The assassination precipitated a world war."
engender	to cause or give rise to a feeling or situation	"The policy engendered widespread resentment."
instigate	to bring about or initiate an action or event	"He was accused of instigating the riot."
catalyze	to cause or accelerate a reaction or change	"The invention of the printing press catalyzed the spread of knowledge."
provoke	to stimulate or give rise to a reaction or emotion	"Her comments provoked outrage among supporters."
induce	to succeed in persuading or leading to a course of action	"What induced you to make such a risky investment?"
spawn	to generate or produce, especially in large numbers	"The controversy spawned dozens of conspiracy theories."
beget	to give rise to; bring about	"Violence begets violence in an endless cycle."
foment	to instigate or stir up unrest or rebellion	"Agitators were accused of fomenting discord."
incite	to encourage or stir up violent or unlawful behavior	"The speech was designed to incite hatred."
kindle	to arouse or inspire an emotion or feeling	"The teacher kindled a love of learning in her students."
germinate	to begin to grow or develop	"The idea germinated during a late-night conversation."

📊Effect & Outcome10

Term	Definition	Example
ramification	a consequence of an action, especially when complex	"The ramifications of this decision will be felt for decades."
repercussion	an unintended consequence of an action	"The scandal had serious repercussions for his career."
corollary	a proposition that follows from one already proven	"A corollary of economic growth is often increased inequality."
upshot	the final or eventual outcome	"The upshot of the meeting was that nothing changed."
aftermath	the consequences or aftereffects of an event	"In the aftermath of the storm, communities came together."
sequela	a condition resulting from a disease or injury	"Depression can be a sequela of chronic illness."
fallout	adverse results or effects of a situation	"The political fallout from the scandal was severe."
residue	something remaining after the main part is removed	"Bitterness was the residue of their failed relationship."
vestige	a trace of something that no longer exists	"Only vestiges of the ancient civilization remain."
derivative	something that develops from a source	"Many modern words are derivatives of Latin roots."

🔗Causal Relationships10

Term	Definition	Example
antecedent	a thing that comes before and may cause another	"Poverty is often an antecedent to crime."
consequent	following as a result or effect	"The flood and consequent destruction displaced thousands."
contingent	dependent on something else that is uncertain	"The deal is contingent upon regulatory approval."
predicate	to found or base something on	"The theory is predicated on the assumption of rational actors."
attributable	able to be regarded as caused by	"The error was attributable to human negligence."
conducive	making a certain situation or outcome likely	"A quiet environment is conducive to concentration."
instrumental	serving as a means of pursuing an aim	"She was instrumental in securing the funding."
determinant	a factor that decisively affects the outcome	"Education is a key determinant of economic success."
nexus	a connection or series of connections linking things	"The nexus between poverty and crime is well documented."
correlate	to have a mutual relationship or connection	"Income levels correlate strongly with life expectancy."

⚡Inevitability & Necessity10

Term	Definition	Example
inexorable	impossible to stop or prevent	"The inexorable march of time waits for no one."
ineluctable	unable to be resisted or avoided; inescapable	"Death is the ineluctable fate of all living things."
inevitable	certain to happen; unavoidable	"Change is inevitable; growth is optional."
inescapable	unable to be avoided or denied	"The inescapable conclusion is that we must act now."
imperative	of vital importance; crucial	"It is imperative that we address climate change immediately."
prerequisite	something required as a prior condition	"Trust is a prerequisite for any healthy relationship."
indispensable	absolutely necessary; essential	"Clean water is indispensable for human survival."
entail	to involve something as a necessary consequence	"This decision entails significant risk."
necessitate	to make something necessary as a result	"The crisis necessitated immediate action."
compel	to force or oblige someone to do something	"Circumstances compelled her to accept the offer."

🤝Agreement & Acceptance22

Term	Definition	Example
acquiesce	to accept something reluctantly without protest	"She acquiesced to their demands to avoid conflict."
concur	to be of the same opinion; agree	"The committee members concurred with the recommendation."
assent	to express approval or agreement	"The board gave its assent to the proposal."
accede	to agree to a demand or request	"The company acceded to the union's terms."
capitulate	to cease to resist; surrender	"After weeks of negotiation, they finally capitulated."
relent	to abandon a harsh intention or cruel treatment	"She eventually relented and let them go."
yield	to give way to pressure or demands	"The government refused to yield to terrorist demands."
defer	to submit humbly to another's wishes	"He deferred to her expertise on the matter."
comply	to act in accordance with a wish or command	"All employees must comply with safety regulations."
conform	to act in accordance with standards or customs	"The design conforms to international safety standards."
endorse	to declare one's public approval of	"Several celebrities endorsed the charity campaign."
sanction	to give official permission or approval for	"The committee sanctioned the use of the funds."
ratify	to sign or give formal consent to make valid	"The treaty was ratified by all member states."
validate	to check or prove the accuracy of	"The results validate our hypothesis."
corroborate	to confirm or give support to a statement	"Witnesses corroborated her account of events."
substantiate	to provide evidence to support a claim	"He failed to substantiate his allegations."
affirm	to state as a fact; assert strongly	"The court affirmed the lower court's ruling."
uphold	to confirm or support something	"The Supreme Court upheld the decision."
espouse	to adopt or support a cause or belief	"She espoused the principles of equality."
champion	to support or defend enthusiastically	"He championed the rights of the marginalized."
consensus	general agreement	"The committee reached a consensus after hours of debate."
unanimity	agreement by all people involved	"There was unanimity in the decision to proceed."

⚔️Opposition & Resistance22

Term	Definition	Example
dissent	to hold or express opinions that differ from the majority	"Several justices dissented from the ruling."
demur	to raise doubts or objections; show reluctance	"She demurred when asked to take on more work."
balk	to hesitate or refuse to accept an idea	"Investors balked at the high price."
rebuff	to reject ungraciously; snub	"His offer of help was rebuffed coldly."
repudiate	to refuse to accept or be associated with	"The candidate repudiated the controversial remarks."
denounce	to publicly declare to be wrong or evil	"World leaders denounced the attack."
decry	to publicly denounce; criticize openly	"Critics decried the decision as unjust."
condemn	to express complete disapproval of	"The organization condemned the use of violence."
impugn	to dispute the truth or validity of	"They attempted to impugn his credibility."
refute	to prove a statement or theory wrong	"She refuted every point of his argument."
rebut	to claim or prove something false	"The defendant rebutted the prosecution's claims."
contradict	to deny the truth of a statement	"The evidence contradicted his testimony."
gainsay	to deny or contradict a fact or statement	"No one could gainsay the obvious truth."
contest	to oppose or challenge	"She contested the will in court."
dispute	to argue about; question the validity of	"Historians dispute the accuracy of the account."
contravene	to conflict with; go against	"The action contravenes international law."
defy	to openly resist or refuse to obey	"She defied convention by pursuing her dreams."
flout	to openly disregard a rule or convention	"He flouted the dress code repeatedly."
thwart	to prevent someone from accomplishing something	"Bad weather thwarted their plans."
undermine	to erode the base or foundation of	"The scandal undermined public trust in the institution."
dissidence	protest against official policy	"The government crushed all signs of political dissidence."
recalcitrant	having an obstinately uncooperative attitude	"The recalcitrant employee refused to follow the new rules."

🌉Sophisticated Transitions22

Term	Definition	Example
moreover	as a further matter; besides	"The plan is expensive. Moreover, it's unlikely to succeed."
furthermore	in addition; besides	"The evidence is compelling. Furthermore, it's irrefutable."
nevertheless	in spite of that; notwithstanding	"The task was difficult. Nevertheless, she persevered."
nonetheless	in spite of what has just been said	"The odds were against him. Nonetheless, he succeeded."
notwithstanding	in spite of; although	"Notwithstanding the risks, they proceeded with the plan."
hitherto	until now or until the point in question	"The hitherto unknown artist gained sudden fame."
heretofore	before now; previously	"The company faced challenges heretofore unseen."
henceforth	from this time on; from now on	"Henceforth, all meetings will be recorded."
thereby	by that means; as a result of that	"He resigned, thereby ending the controversy."
whereby	by which; through which	"They created a system whereby complaints could be tracked."
wherein	in which; in what way	"This is the situation wherein we find ourselves."
whereupon	immediately after which	"She made the announcement, whereupon chaos ensued."
insofar	to the extent that	"Insofar as the law permits, we will proceed."
inasmuch	considering that; since	"Inasmuch as you have apologized, I will forgive you."
conversely	in an opposite way; on the other hand	"The rich got richer. Conversely, the poor got poorer."
alternatively	as another option or possibility	"We could wait. Alternatively, we could proceed now."
correspondingly	in a way that matches or relates to something	"Demand increased, and prices rose correspondingly."
consequently	as a result; therefore	"He failed to prepare, and consequently, he failed."
accordingly	in a way that is appropriate; consequently	"The situation changed, and we adjusted accordingly."
subsequently	after a particular thing has happened	"He was arrested and subsequently released on bail."
thus	as a result or consequence of this; therefore	"He is the eldest son and thus heir to the estate."
hence	as a consequence; for this reason	"The roads were covered in ice; hence it was not safe to drive."

🌗Contrast & Comparison22

Term	Definition	Example
juxtapose	to place side by side for comparison or contrast	"The exhibit juxtaposes ancient and modern art."
analogous	comparable in certain respects	"The situation is analogous to what happened in 2008."
tantamount	equivalent in seriousness to; virtually the same as	"His silence was tantamount to an admission of guilt."
commensurate	corresponding in size or degree; proportionate	"The salary should be commensurate with experience."
concomitant	naturally accompanying or associated	"Fame brought concomitant pressures on his privacy."
corollary	a proposition that follows from one already proved	"Economic growth has poverty reduction as a corollary."
correlate	to have a mutual relationship or connection	"Education levels correlate with income."
antithetical	directly opposed or contrasted	"His actions were antithetical to his stated values."
diametrically	completely; in direct opposition	"Their views are diametrically opposed."
disparate	essentially different in kind; not able to be compared	"The study combined disparate data sources."
incongruous	not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings	"His formal attire seemed incongruous at the beach."
paradoxically	in a way that seems contradictory but may be true	"Paradoxically, the cure made him feel worse initially."
ostensibly	apparently or purportedly, but perhaps not actually	"The meeting was ostensibly about budget, but really about personnel."
purportedly	as appears or is stated to be true	"The document was purportedly written by Shakespeare."
presumably	used to convey that something is very likely	"Presumably, they will announce the results tomorrow."
arguably	it may be argued; possibly	"This is arguably the best decision they've made."
admittedly	used to introduce a concession or acknowledgment	"Admittedly, there were some mistakes made."
granted	used to acknowledge a point before making a counter-argument	"Granted, he's talented, but he lacks discipline."
albeit	although; even though	"He accepted the job, albeit with some reluctance."
notwithstanding	in spite of; nevertheless	"Notwithstanding these concerns, the project continued."
similarly	in a similar way	"The first round was easy; similarly, the second provided no challenge."
likewise	in the same way; also	"She is a talented musician; likewise, her brother is an artist."