example-based testing

fault injection

deliberately injecting failures during a test to verify the system does not violate its invariants

fuzz testing

submitting random inputs and verifying that specified properties hold across all of them

guided search

generative testing that chooses interesting inputs using system feedback through oracles

metamorphic testing

a generative technique that transforms a test input and verifies the output's relationship to the original

oracle

a component that provides information determining test correctness, such as detecting crashes or comparing to a reference

property-based testing

generates random inputs, applies them to the system, and verifies that a specified property always holds